N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ụlọ ọrụ ngwaọrụ ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ anọgidewo na-eto ngwa ngwa ma kwụsie ike, yana nkezi uto nke ihe dịka 4%, nke dị elu karịa mmụba akụ na ụba mba n'otu oge ahụ. United States, Europe, na Japan jikọtara ọnụ na-ere ahịa n'ọhịa ahịa ngwaọrụ ụwa. United States bụ onye kachasị ukwuu na ndị na-azụ ahịa na ngwaọrụ ọgwụ, yana oriri ya bụ isi ọnọdụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'ime ndị dike kachasị ike n'ụwa, United States nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na ụlọ ọrụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ kasịnụ.
Ihe ederede na - ebute plastik injinia ọgwụ a na - ejikarị eme ihe, nke nwere ihe ndị nwere usoro dị mfe iji rụọ ọrụ. Ihe plastik ndị a na-adịkarị ọnụ karịa ịdị arọ, n'ihi na ọtụtụ ihe na-efu n'ihi mkpofu n'oge nhazi.
Okwu mmalite nke plastik injinịa nkịtị na ngalaba ahụike
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
The terpolymer bụ nke SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) na butadiene synthetic roba. Site na nhazi ya, agbụ nke ABS nwere ike ịbụ BS, AB, AS, na ngalaba alaka ya nwere ike ịbụ AS, S, AB na ihe ndị ọzọ.
ABS bụ polymer nke a na-achụsasị oge roba na mpaghara na-aga n'ihu nke resin. Ya mere, ọ bụghị naanị copolymer ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ndị monomers atọ a, SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile), nke na-enye ABS ekweghị ekwe na elu imecha, butadiene na-enye Maka ike ya, ọnụọgụ nke ihe atọ ndị a nwere ike gbanwee ka achọrọ. A na-ejikarị plastik eme mbadamba okpukpu anọ na anụ ọhịa isii na anụ ọhịa anụ ọhịa 6, nke nwere ike ịkekọta ngwa ngwa ma jikọta ya iji mepụta efere na mmiri. Ruru ya ezi uche na-eri na mfe nhazi, ọ bụ a na-ewu ewu ihe maka kọmputa space akara (CNC) n'ichepụta prototypes.
A na-ejikarị ABS eme ka akụ́kụ́ ndị dị ike dị ukwuu. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ejirila ABS jupụtara na eriri iko n'ọtụtụ ebe.
Acryli resin (PMMA)
Acrylic resin bụ n'ezie otu n'ime plastik ngwaọrụ ọgwụ mbụ, ma a ka na-ejikarị ya n'ime ịkpụzi mweghachi anaplastic. * Acrylic bụ polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
Acryli resin siri ike, nke doro anya, enwere ike ijikwa ya. Otu usoro a na - ejikọ acrylic bụ iji mechie njikọta na methyl chloride. Acryli nwere ụdị mkpara, mpempe akwụkwọ na efere, na agba dị iche iche. Mkpụrụ osisi acryli kwesịrị ekwesị karịsịa maka ọkpọkọ ọkụ na ngwa anya.
Acryli resin maka signage na ngosi nwere ike iji maka benchmark ule na prototypes; agbanyeghị, a ga-enyerịrị nlekọta iji chọpụta ụdị ọkwa ahụike tupu iji ya eme ihe ọ bụla. Azụmahịa acrylic resins nwere ike ịnwe nguzogide UV, ndị na-enwu ọkụ, ndị na-eme mgbanwe na kemikal ndị ọzọ, na-eme ka ha ghara ịba uru maka ọgwụgwọ.
Polyvinyl chloride (ịkwanyere)
PVC nwere ụdị abụọ, nke siri ike ma na-agbanwe agbanwe, dabere na agbakwunyere plastik ma ọ bụ na agbakwunye. A na-ejikarị PVC eme ihe maka ọkpọkọ mmiri. Ihe ọghọm ndị bụ isi nke PVC bụ nguzogide ihu igwe na-adịghị mma, ike imetụta obere mmetụta, na ịdị arọ nke mpempe akwụkwọ thermoplastic dị oke elu (kpọmkwem gravity 1.35). Ọ na-adị mfe ịkọcha ma ọ bụ mebie emebi, ma nwee ntakịrị nrụrụ nrụrụ (160).
A na-emepụta PVC a na-agbanyeghị aka na usoro abụọ: Pịnye I (nkwụsị corrosion) na Typedị II (mmetụta dị elu). Idị M PVC bụ PVC a na-ejikarị eme ihe, mana na ngwa ndị chọrọ ike dị elu karịa Idị M, IIdị nke Abụọ nwere mmetụta dị mma karị ma belata nkwụsị nkwụsị. Na ngwa ndị chọrọ usoro nrụpụta dị elu, enwere ike iji polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) maka ngwa dị ọcha na mkpokọta 280 ° F.
A na-eji ọgwụ eji eji polyvinyl chloride (plasticizedpvc) eme ihe iji dochie roba na iko dị na ngwa ọgwụ. Ihe kpatara ngbanwe ahụ bụ: ihe polyvinyl chloride nke plastik na-adị mfe nghọta, na-emewanye nghọta ma nwee nkwụsi ike kemịkal na arụmọrụ akụ na ụba. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride ngwaahịa dị mfe iji, na n'ihi nro nke onwe ha na elasticity, ha nwere ike izere imebi anụ ahụ dị nro nke onye ọrịa ma zere ime ka onye ọrịa nwee ahụ iru ala.
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polycarbonate (PC) bụ plastic kacha sie ike ma ọ bara ezigbo uru maka ngwaọrụ ahụike, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-eji njikọta njikọ UV. PC nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke mkpanaka, efere na mpempe akwụkwọ, ọ dị mfe ijikọta.
Agbanyeghi na enwere ike iji ihe kariri iri na abuo nke PC aru ma obu ndi ozo, a na-adabere asaa. PC nwere mmetụta dị elu, mmụba nke mmiri, ezigbo nguzogide nguzo, oke ọrụ ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, nkwụsi ike akụkụ, nkwụsi ike, isi ike na nrụgide, n'agbanyeghị ogo ya.
PC na-adị mfe ịchọpụtakwa site radieshon nwoke ịga ụlọ ọgwụ, ma radieshon kwụsie ike akara ule dị.
Polypropylene (eyi)
PP bụ rọba polyolefin dị mfe, nke dị ọnụ ala, na-agbaze agbaze dị ala, yabụ ọ dabara adaba maka thermoforming na nkwakọ ngwaahịa. PP nwere ike ire ọkụ, yabụ ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ nguzo ọkụ, chọọ akara akara ọkụ (FR). PP na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-ekwe ekwe, nke a na-akpọkarị "100-fold fold". Maka ngwa ndị chọrọ ka e kwe ekwe, enwere ike iji PP mee ihe.
Polyethylene (Pee)
Polyethylene (PE) bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nkwakọ ngwaahịa na nhazi. Ultra-high molekụla dị arọ polyethylene (UHMWPE) nwere akwa eyi eguzogide, obere esemokwu ọnụọgụ, onwe-mmanu, elu na-abụghị adhesion na magburu onwe chemical ike ọgwụgwụ na-eguzogide. Ọ na-ejidekwa arụmọrụ dị elu na oke okpomọkụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nitrogen mmiri, -259 Celsius C). UHMWPE bidoro ime nro n’akụkụ 185 Celsius F ma tufuo nsogbu ya nke abrasion.
Ebe ọ bụ na UHMWPE nwere mmụba dị elu na mgbatị dị elu mgbe ọnọdụ okpomọkụ gbanwere, ọ naghị atụ aro ya maka ngwa ngwa ndidi na gburugburu ndị a.
N'ihi ike ya dị elu, nke na-abụghị nke nrapado, PE nwere ike isi ike ijikọ. Akụrụngwa kachasị mfe iji jikọta ngwa ngwa, nnyonye anya ma ọ bụ ọnyà. Loctite na-emepụta adhesive cyanoacrylate (CYA) (LoctitePrism nke na-enweghị mmetụta CYA na primer) maka ijikọ ụdị plastik ndị a.
A na-ejikwa UHMWPE na-arụ ọrụ ọkpụkpụ na-enwe nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe na iko acetabular n'oge mgbatị ụkwụ zuru oke na ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara tibial plateau n'oge ikpere ikpere ikpere. O kwesịrị ekwesị maka alloy cobalt-chromium nke ọma. * Biko rịba ama na ihe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịkụnye ọkpụkpụ bụ ihe ndị pụrụ iche, ọ bụghị ụdị mmepụta ihe. A na-ere UHMWPE ọgwụ ahụike n'okpuru aha ahia Lennite site na Westlake Plastics (Lenni, PA).
Polyoxymethylene (POM) Nnukwu
Dupont's Delrin bụ otu n'ime POM a maara nke ọma, ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta aha na-akpọkwa plastik a. A na-emepụta POM site na formaldehyde. A malitere POM na mbido 1950 dị ka ihe siri ike, nke na-eguzogide okpomọkụ na-abụghị nke na-enweghị ike, nke a na-akpọkarị "Saigang". Ọ bụ a siri ike plastic na ala ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu na elu ike.
Delrin na POM yiri ya siri ike ijikọ, yana mgbakọ igwe kachasị mma. A na-ejikarị Delrin eme ihe maka ọgwụ ngwaọrụ ahụike yana ihe ndozi. Ọ bụ nke ukwuu processable, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ nnọọ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na prototypes nke machining akụrụngwa na-achọ ike, chemical na-eguzogide, na ihe na-izute FDA ụkpụrụ.
Otu ọghọm nke Delrin bụ nghọta ọ nwere maka mmịpụta radieshon, nke na-eme ka POM mebie. Ọ bụrụ na radieshon nwoke, snap fit, plastik mmiri usoro na mkpa ngalaba n'okpuru ibu nwere ike imebi. Ọ bụrụ n ’ịchọrọ ịmebe akụkụ B-POM, biko tụlee iji EtO, Steris ma ọ bụ autoclaves, dabere na ngwaọrụ a nwere ihe mmetụ ọ bụla, dịka ngwaọrụ elektrọnik.
Naịlọn (PA)
Naịlọn dị na nhazi 6/6 na 6/12. Naịlọn siri ike ma na-eguzogide okpomọkụ. Ihe njirimara 6/6 na 6/12 na-ezo aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon carbon na polymer chain, na 6/12 bụ naịlọn ogologo-ogologo nwere nguzogide ọkụ dị elu. Naịlọn adịghị arụ ọrụ dịka ABS ma ọ bụ Delrin (POM) n'ihi na ọ na-ahapụ ịhapụ ibe nnyapade n'akụkụ akụkụ nke akụkụ nwere ike ịpịa.
Naịlọn 6, nke a na-ahụkarị bụ nylon, nke DuPont mepụtara tupu Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị na 1956, na nchọpụta nke ogige (co-catalysts and accelerators) nke na-agbanye naịlọn ghọrọ azụmahịa bara uru. Site na teknụzụ ọhụrụ a, ọsọ polymerization na-abawanye nke ukwuu, a na-ebelata usoro achọrọ iji nweta polymerization.
N'ihi mgbochi nhazi pere mpe, akwa nylon 6 na-enye otu nnukwu usoro nha na ụdị ọdịdị nke thermoplastic ọ bụla. Ihe nkedo gụnyere ogwe, tubes, tubes na plate. Ogo ha sitere na 1 paụnd ruo 400 pound.
Ihe naịlọn nwere ike dị n’ịrụ ọrụ na anụ ahụ-enyi na enyi na-eche na ihe ndị nkịtị enweghị. Agbanyeghị, akụrụngwa ọgwụ na-adapụsị orthoses, oche nkwagharị, na akwa ndị nọọsụ na-achọkarị akụkụ nwere ikike ibu ụfọdụ, yabụ a họpụtara PA66 + 15% GF.
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP) Ọkpụkpọ
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) nwere niile na-achọsi ike Njirimara nke tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) (polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]), ma nwere ala lanarị okpomọkụ nke 200 ° C (392 ° F). N'adịghị ka PTFE, FEP nwere ike ịkpụzi ya ma gbanye ya n'ime Ogwe, tubes na profaịlụ pụrụ iche site na usoro ụzọ. Nke a na-aghọ a imewe na nhazi uru karịrị PTFE. Ogwe ruo 4.5 sentimita asatọ na efere ruru 2 sentimita asatọ dị. Arụ ọrụ nke FEP n'okpuru radieshon sterilization dịtụ mma karịa nke PTFE.
Igwe arụmọrụ dị elu
Polyetherimide (PEI)
Ultem 1000 bụ thermoplastic polyetherimide polymer dị elu, nke General Electric Company mepụtara maka ịkpụzi ọgwụ. Site na mmepe nke teknụzụ extrusion ọhụrụ, ndị nrụpụta dịka AL Hyde, Gehr na Ensinger na-emepụta ụdị dị iche iche na nha nke Ultem 1000. Ultem 1000 na-agwakọta ọmarịcha usoro ma nwee uru ịchekwa uru ma e jiri ya tụnyere PES, PEEK na Kapton na ngwa ọkụ dị elu (na-aga n'ihu n'ihu) ruo 340 Celsius F). Ultem nwere ike ịgbanwere.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) bu ighalaahia nke Victrex plc (UK), ihe nkpuchi nke ihe di elu nke nwere oke oku na nguzogide ogwu, ya na njigide odi nma na nguzo ike di ike. Akwadoro ya maka akụrụngwa eletriki chọrọ ọkụ ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu (480 Celsius F), yana oke anwụrụ ọkụ anwụrụ ọkụ na anwụrụ ọkụ na-enwu ọkụ.
PEEK zutere Laboratories Underwriters (UL) 94 V-0 chọrọ, 0.080 sentimita asatọ. Ngwaahịa a nwere nguzogide siri ike na radieshon gamma, ọbụnadị karịa nke polystyrene. Naanị ihe mgbaze nke nwere ike ibuso ọgụ pee bụ sọlfọ sulphic. PEEK nwere ezigbo nguzogide hydrolysis ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ime uzuoku ruo 500 Celsius F.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
TFE ma ọ bụ PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), nke a na-akpọkarị Teflon, bụ otu n’ime resins fluorocarbon atọ dị na otu fluorocarbon, nke mejupụtara fluorine na carbon kpamkpam. Ndị ọzọ resins na otu a, nke a makwaara dị ka Teflon, bụ perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA) na FEP.
Ike ndị na-ejikọ fluorine na carbon ọnụ na-enye otu n'ime njikọ kemịkal kachasị sie ike n'etiti atọm ahaziri nke ọma. Nsonaazụ nke ike a na mgbakwunye nhazi usoro bụ ihe dị oke egwu, nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, na polymer na-agbanwe agbanwe.
TFE na-eguzogide okpomọkụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kemịkal niile. Ewezuga ụdị mkpụrụ osisi ole na ole si mba ọzọ, ọ bụ enweghị ike ịgbanye n’ihe niile. Omume eletrik ya dị ezigbo mma. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere nnukwu mmetụta dị ike, ma e jiri ya tụnyere thermoplastics ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ, nkwụsi ike ya, ike mgbagha na nkwụsị na-adịghị ala.
TFE nwere ihe kachasị dị ntakịrị nke dielectric na nke kacha gbasasị ihe niile siri ike. N'ihi njikọ kemịkal ya siri ike, TFE anaghị adọrọ adọrọ na mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche. Nke a na - ebute ọnụọgụ esemokwu dị ka 0.05. Ọ bụ ezie na PTFE nwere ọnụọgụ dị ala nke esemokwu, ọ gaghị adabara maka ngwa orthopedic na-ebu ibu n'ihi obere nguzogide ya na akụrụngwa dị ala. Sir John Charnley chọpụtara nsogbu a na ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya na mkpokọta hip kpamkpam na njedebe afọ 1950.
Polysulfone
Polysulfone bu onye mbu BP Amoco meputara ma Solvay na emeputa ya ugbua n'okpuru aha ahia Udel, na polyphenylsulfone na ere ya n'okpuru aha ahia Radel.
Polysulfone bụ ihe siri ike, nke siri ike, nke nwere ike nghọta (amba amba) nke nwere ike ijigide ihe ya na oke okpomọkụ sitere na -150 ° F ruo 300 ° F. Ezubere maka akụrụngwa FDA kwadoro, ọ gaferekwa ule USP Class VI (biological) niile. Ọ na-ezute ụkpụrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ nke National Sanitation Foundation, ruo 180 Celsius. Polysulfone nwere nkwụsi ike dị elu. Mgbe ekpughere na mmiri ọkụ ma ọ bụ ikuku na 300 Celsius F, mgbanwe mgbanwe linear na-abụkarị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke 1% ma ọ bụ obere. Polysulfone nwere nguzogide dị elu nye acid inorganic, alkalis na nnu; ọbụlagodi na ogo dị elu n'okpuru nrụgide nrụgide na-adịchaghị mma, ọ nwere ezigbo nguzogide nchapu na mmanụ hydrocarbon. Polysulfone anaghị eguzogide ọgwụ sollarts dị ka ketones, hydrocarbons na-ekpo ọkụ na hydrocarbons aromatic.
A na-eji Radel eme ihe maka ihe eji egwu egwu nke chọrọ nguzogide ọkụ dị elu na ike dị elu, yana maka ngwa traktị ụlọ ọgwụ autoclave. Polysulfone engineering resin na-agwakọta ike dị elu na nguzogide na-adịte aka na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi mmiri ugboro ugboro. Ndị polymer a egosila na ha ga-abụ ndị ọzọ na igwe anaghị agba nchara na iko. Medicals polysulfone bụ biologically inert, nwere a pụrụ iche ogologo ndụ na nwoke ịga ụlọ ọgwụ usoro, nwere ike ịbụ uzo ma ọ bụ opaque, na-eguzogide ọgwụ ka ọtụtụ ndị ọgwụ ụlọ ọgwụ.
